Propulsion system for a vehicle

ABSTRACT

A drive system for a vehicle comprises an electrical machine, arranged between a combustion engine and an input shaft to a gearbox. The rotor of the electrical machine is connected with a component of a planetary gear, and the input shaft of the gearbox is connected with another component of such planetary gear. A first locking means may be moved between a locked position, in which the planetary gear&#39;s three components rotate at the same rotational speed, and a release position, in which the components are allowed to rotate at different rotational speeds. A second locking means is moveable between a locked position in which the output shaft of the combustion engine is locked together with a component in the planetary gear, and a release position, in which the combustion engine&#39;s output shaft is decoupled from such a component.

CROSS REFERENCE TO THE APPLICATION

This application is a national stage application (filed under 35 §U.S.C. 371) of PCT/SE2014/051557, filed Dec. 22, 2014 of the same title,which, in turn claims priority to Swedish Application No. 1351578-8,filed Dec. 23, 2013 of the same title; the contents of each of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a drive system for a vehicle, and isparticularly, but not exclusively, focused on such a drive system inmotor vehicles in the form of wheeled commercial vehicles, especiallyheavy goods vehicles such as trucks and buses. The invention thusrelates to a drive system for driving a hybrid vehicle which, generally,is a vehicle that may be powered by a primary engine, in this case acombustion engine, and a secondary engine, in this case an electricalmachine. The vehicle is suitably equipped with means for storage ofenergy, such as a battery or a capacitor for storage of electric energy,and control equipment to control the flow of electric energy between themeans and the electrical machine. The electrical machine may thusalternately operate as an engine or as a generator, depending on thevehicle's operating mode. When the vehicle decelerates, the electricalmachine generates electric energy that may be stored, and the storedelectric energy is used later for e.g. operation of the vehicle.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Using a conventional clutch mechanism, which disconnects the input shaftof the gearbox from the combustion engine during a shifting process inthe gearbox, entails disadvantages, such as heating of the clutchmechanism's discs, which results in an increased fuel consumption andwear of the clutch discs. There are also large losses as a result, inparticular when the vehicle is started. A conventional clutch mechanismis also relatively heavy and costly. It also occupies a relatively largespace in the vehicle. Friction losses also arise at the use of ahydraulic converter/torque converter commonly used in automatictransmission. By ensuring that the vehicle has a drive system in whichthe output shaft of the combustion engine, the rotor of the electricalmachine and the input shaft of the gearbox are connected with aplanetary gear, the conventional clutch mechanism and disadvantagesassociated therewith may be avoided. A vehicle with a drive system ofthis type constitutes prior art as set out in EP 1 319 546 and SE1051384-4.

Although this drive system, especially the one described in SE1051384-4, functions well and has a range of advantageous features,efforts are constantly made to improve such a drive system with respectto its behavior and function in certain operating situations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The objective of the present invention is to show a drive system of thetype defined above, which is in line with the above-mentioned efforts.This objective is achieved according to the invention by providing adrive system.

By equipping the drive system with said second locking means, animproved behavior is obtained in a range of operational situationscompared to such prior art drive systems. Specifically, it becomespossible at braking of the vehicle to choose to disconnect thecombustion engine before it reaches its idling speed. By moving thesecond locking means to its release position, so that the combustionengine is decoupled, it is possible to brake with full electricalmachine torque until the vehicle stops, by keeping the planetary gear inits locked position, i.e. with the first locking means in a lockedposition. At this stage, one may optionally let the combustion enginerun at idling speed or turn it off.

With the innovative drive system it is therefore possible to brake atfull electrical machine torque, as opposed to braking with acorresponding drive system not comprising anything corresponding to thesecond locking means. With such a corresponding drive system, it istherefore possible to brake only with a torque providing a reactiontorque to the combustion engine, smaller than or equal to its resultingfriction torque, unless it is intended that the combustion engine shouldbe allowed to rev up.

Since it is possible to brake at full electrical machine torque with theinnovative drive system, without turning off the combustion engine, thecombustion engine does not need to be started again in case the driverof the vehicle chooses to interrupt the braking and to request a largedriving torque instead. It also becomes possible to start driving thevehicle from a standstill without starting the combustion engine, sincethe second locking means is kept in a release position, and the firstlocking means is kept in a locked position, and the electrical machinein this case rotates the input shaft of the gearbox with the samerotation speed as its rotor. The possibility of decoupling thecombustion engine by moving the second locking means to a releaseposition may also be used in driving modes at low positive and negativepowertrain torques, to save fuel and thus keep the combustion engine atan idling speed or turn it off, and to power the vehicle only with theelectrical machine.

According to one embodiment of the invention, said second locking meansare adapted to, in said release position, separate a first part of thecombustion engine's output shaft, arranged nearest the combustionengine, from a second part thereof, connected with said first componentof the planetary gear.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the combustionengine's output shaft, the electrical machine's rotor and the inputshaft of the gearbox are rotatably arranged around a common rotationaxis.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the planetary gear'ssun wheel constitutes said first component and the ring gear constitutessaid third component. By connecting the first electrical machine's rotorwith the ring gear and the combustion engine's output shaft with the sunwheel, a compact construction is achieved, which is easy to fit intoalready existing spaces for powertrains (drive systems) with clutchmechanisms instead of planetary gears. Accordingly, a hybrid gearbox maybe made compact and substantially no bulkier than a standard gearbox.This also entails that the weight increase, which a hybridizationnormally involves, may be reduced considerably. Another advantage isthat a connection of the first electrical machine's rotor with the ringgear provides a higher potential braking torque via the rotor, than ifthis were connected with the sun wheel instead.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the drive systemcomprises at least one control device, adapted to control the fuelsupply to the combustion engine and to control the exchange of electricenergy between the electrical machine and electric energy storage means.The control device is advantageously also adapted to control saidlocking means to be moved between said locked position and releaseposition and, in order to lock them together, to control the combustionengine and/or the electrical machine to achieve the same rotationalspeed in the parts to be locked together by the respective lockingmeans, and, subsequently, to move the locking means to a lockedposition, and, in order to release them, to control the combustionengine and/or the electrical machine to achieve torque balance betweenthe parts to be released from each other, and, subsequently, to controlthe locking means to be moved to a release position. Zero torque is acase of torque balance.

Here, torque balance is achieved when the following relation between thetorques applied is met for the example configuration displayed in FIG.3:

$T_{{sun}\mspace{14mu}{wheel}} = {\frac{Z_{s}}{Z_{r}}T_{{ring}\mspace{14mu}{gear}}}$where

-   T_(sun wheel) and T_(ring gear) constitute torque applied on the sun    wheel and the ring gear, respectively,-   Z_(s) is the number of teeth of the sun wheel,-   Z_(r) is the number of teeth of the ring gear.

Accordingly, torque balance means the state where a torque acts on aring gear arranged in the planetary gear, corresponding to the productof the torque acting on the planetary gear's planetary wheel carrier andthe planetary gear's gear ratio, while simultaneously a torque acts onthe planetary gear's sun wheel, corresponding to the product of thetorque acting on the planetary wheel carrier and (1 minus the planetarygear's gear ratio).

According to another embodiment of the invention, the control device isadapted to control, when the vehicle is driven with the combustionengine running, and the second locking means in a locked position whenbraking the vehicle,

-   -   the electrical machine to apply a braking torque to the input        shaft of the gearbox throughout the braking of the vehicle,    -   the combustion engine and the electrical machine to a        synchronous rotational speed of the input shaft of the gearbox,        the electrical machine's rotor and the combustion engine's        output shaft if the first locking means is in a release        position, and to move the first locking means to a locked        position,    -   the combustion engine towards a zero torque between the        combustion engine's output shaft and said first component, when        a certain value of the vehicle's speed is not met,    -   the second locking means to be moved to the release position,        and    -   the combustion engine towards and to idling speed.

By thus braking with the electrical machine throughout the brakingprocedure, and decoupling the combustion engine before it reaches itsidling speed, it is possible to brake with full electrical machinetorque as of said decoupling, while the combustion engine may be keptrunning, if desired, in order to provide for preparedness, should thebraking be interrupted.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the control device isadapted, at braking of the vehicle towards a stop, and further inconnection with the control of the combustion engine towards idlingspeed, to control the ramping down of the braking torque from theelectrical machine towards zero in connection with the vehicle stopping.

According to another embodiment of the invention, the control device isadapted to control, in order to start driving the vehicle, when thevehicle is at a standstill with the combustion engine turned off,

-   -   the second locking means to be moved to the release position if        it is in a locked position,    -   the first locking means to be moved to the locked position if it        is in a release position, and    -   the electrical machine for to deliver a torque thereof, so that        the requested torque is transmitted to the input shaft of the        gearbox.        Accordingly, the vehicle may be started and driven while powered        purely electrically.

The invention also relates to a vehicle, and methods with the methodsteps that the control device is adapted to carry out in theabove-mentioned embodiments of the drive system according to theinvention.

Other advantageous features and advantages of the invention are set outin the description below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Below are descriptions of an example embodiment of the invention withreference to the enclosed drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a very simplified view of a powertrain in a vehicle, which maybe equipped with a drive system according to the invention,

FIG. 2 is a more detailed, but still simplified view of a part of saiddrive system, and

FIG. 3 is a simplified view illustrating the general structure of adrive system according to one embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows a powertrain for a heavy goods vehicle 1. The powertraincomprises a combustion engine 2, a gearbox 3, a number of driving shafts4 and driving wheels 5. Between the combustion engine 2 and the gearbox3, the powertrain comprises an intermediate section 6. FIG. 2 shows apart of the components in the intermediate section 6 in more detail,more specifically those that also occur in prior art drive systems, suchas the one according to SE 1051384-4. The combustion engine 2 isequipped with an output shaft 2 a, and the gearbox 3 with an input shaft3 a in the intermediate section 6. The output shaft 2 a of thecombustion engine is coaxially arranged in relation to the input shaft 3a of the gearbox. The combustion engine's output shaft 2 a and the inputshaft 3 a of the gearbox are rotatably arranged around a common rotationaxis 7. The intermediate section 6 comprises a house 8, enclosing afirst electrical machine 9 and a planetary gear. The electrical machine9 comprises, in a customary manner, a stator 9 a and a rotor 9 b. Thestator 9 a comprises a stator core which is mounted in a suitable manneron the inside of the house 8. The stator core comprises the stator'swindings. The electrical machine 9 is adapted to, under certainoperating circumstances, use stored electrical energy to supply drivingforce to the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox, and, under other operatingconditions, to use the kinetic energy of the input shaft 3 of thegearbox to extract and store electric energy.

The planetary gear is arranged substantially radially on the inside inrelation to the electrical machine's stator 9 a and rotor 9 b. Theplanetary gear comprises, in a customary manner, a sun wheel 10, a ringgear 11 and a planetary wheel carrier 12. The planetary wheel carrier 12supports a number of cogwheels 13, which are rotatably arranged in aradial space between the teeth of the sun wheel 10 and the ring gear 11.The sun wheel 10 is fixed on a peripheral surface of the combustionengine's output shaft 2 a. The sun wheel 10 and the combustion engine'soutput shaft 2 a rotate as one unit with a first rotational speed n₁.The planetary wheel carrier 12 comprises an attachment section 12 a,which is attached on a peripheral surface of the input shaft 3 a of thegearbox with the help of a splines joint 14. With the help of thisjoint, the planetary wheel carrier 12 and the input shaft 3 a of thegearbox may rotate as one unit with a second rotational speed n₂. Thering gear 11 comprises an external peripheral surface on which the rotor9 b is fixedly mounted. The rotor 9 b and the ring gear 11 constitute arotatable unit that rotates with a third rotational speed n₃.

The drive system comprises a first locking means, since the combustionengine's output shaft 2 a is equipped with a shiftable clutch element15. The clutch element 15 is mounted on the combustion engine's outputshaft 2 a with the help of a splines joint 16. The clutch element 15 isin this case arranged in a twist-fast manner on the combustion engine'soutput shaft 2 a, and is shiftably arranged in an axial direction on thecombustion engine's output shaft 2 a. The clutch element 15 comprises aclutch section 15 a, which is connectible with a clutch section 12 b inthe planetary wheel carrier 12. A schematically displayed shiftingelement 17 is adapted to shift the clutch element 15 between a firstposition where the clutch sections 15 a, 12 b are not in engagement witheach other, corresponding to a release position in the first lockingmeans, and a second position where the clutch sections 15 a, 12 b are inengagement with each other, corresponding to a locked position of thefirst locking means. In this locked position the combustion engine'soutput shaft 2 a and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox will be lockedtogether, and these, as well as the electrical machine's rotor, willthus rotate at the same rotational speed. This state may be referred toas a locked planet. The locking mechanism may, advantageously, also havethe design which is described in the not yet public Swedish patentapplication 1250696-0, and comprise a sleeve equipped with firstsplines, which splines, in the release position, engage with secondsplines on a first component of the planetary gear and, in the lockedposition, engage with third splines on a second component of theplanetary gear. In this case, the first component is preferably theplanetary wheel carrier, and the second component is the sun wheel. Thelocking mechanism may then be adapted like an annular sleeve, enclosingthe planetary wheel carrier substantially concentrically. The lockingmeans may also consist of a suitable type of friction clutch.

At least the second locking means is preferably of a type that locks incase of a fault in its maneuvering system, so that the vehicle may thenbe driven to a garage.

An electric control device 18 is adapted to control the shifting element17. The control device 18 is also adapted to determine the occasions onwhich the electrical machine should operate as an engine, and on whichoccasions it should operate as a generator. To determine this, thecontrol device 18 may receive up-to-date information relating tosuitable operating parameters. The control device 18 may be a computerwith software for this purpose. The control device 18 controls aschematically displayed control equipment 19, which controls the flow ofelectric energy between a hybrid battery 20 and the stator windings 9 aof the electrical machine. On occasions where the electrical machine 9operates as an engine, stored electric energy is supplied from thehybrid battery 20 to the stator 9 a. On occasions where the electricalmachine operates as a generator, electric energy is supplied from thestator 9 a to the hybrid battery 20. The hybrid battery 20 delivers andstores electric energy with a voltage in the range of 300-900 volts.Since the intermediate section 6 between the combustion engine 2 and thegearbox 3 in the vehicle is limited, the electrical machine 9 and theplanetary gear must constitute a compact unit. The planetary gear'scomponents 10, 11, 12 are arranged substantially radially inside theelectrical machine's stator 9 a. The rotor 9 b of the electricalmachine, the ring gear 11 of the planetary gear, the combustion engine'soutput shaft 2 a, and the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox, are hererotatably arranged around a common rotation axis 5. With such anembodiment, the electrical machine 9 and the planetary gear occupy arelatively small area. The vehicle 1 is equipped with an engine controlfunction 21 with which the engine speed n₁ of the combustion engine 2may be controlled. The control device 18 thus has the possibility ofactivating the engine control function 21 and of creating asubstantially zero torque state in the gearbox 3 at engagement anddisengagement of gears in the gearbox 3. The drive system may also,instead of being controlled by one single control device 18, becontrolled by several different control devices.

The part of the drive system according to the invention described thusfar and displayed in FIG. 2 is present in the drive system according toSE 1051384-4. Below, the part of the drive system according to theinvention, which has been added to this part, will be described withreference to FIG. 3.

According to the invention, the drive system, specifically theintermediate section 6, also has a second locking means 30, which mayhave a similar design to the first locking means 31, illustrated in moredetail in FIG. 2, and is adapted to, in a release position, separate afirst part 32 of the combustion engine's output shaft, arranged nearestthe combustion engine, from a second part 33 thereof, connected with theplanetary gear's sun wheel 10, so that the sun wheel 10 is allowed torotate independently of the first part 32 of the combustion engine'soutput shaft. The second locking means may be moved to a lockedposition, in which the parts 32, 33 of the combustion engine's outputshaft are locked together. The control device 18 is adapted to controlfuel supply to the combustion engine 2 and to control exchange ofelectric energy between the electrical machine 9 and electric energystorage means, such as batteries.

A range of positive features of the drive system are achieved by way ofthe added arrangement of the second locking means 30, some of the mostimportant of which have been described in the introduction of thisdocument. For example, when the vehicle is driven with the combustionengine 2 running, and with the second locking means 30 in a lockedposition, at braking of the vehicle the electrical machine 9 may apply abraking torque on the input shaft 3 a of the gearbox throughout thebraking of the vehicle. Accordingly, the combustion engine 2 may bedecoupled by way of moving the second locking means 30 to a releaseposition before the combustion engine reaches its idling engine speed,and braking may therefore occur with a full electrical machine torque,if desired until the vehicle stops, with the planetary gear in itslocked state, i.e. the first locking means 31 in a locked position.

The invention is obviously not limited in any way to the embodimentsdescribed above, but numerous possible modifications thereof should beobvious to a person skilled in the area, without such person departingfrom the spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

The first locking means may be adapted to lock together any two of saidthree components.

A transmission could be arranged between the rotor and the ring gear,and also between the combustion engine's output shaft and the sun wheel,such as upstream of the shaft which is displayed in FIG. 2 to beconnected with the sun wheel. The latter transmission could also consistof a variable gear.

It is also conceivable that the drive system has the ring gear as thefirst component and the sun wheel as the third component, even if thereverse would be preferable because of the advantages mentioned above.

The methods according to the not yet published Swedish patentapplications 1250711-7, 1250716-6, 1250708-3, 1250698-6, 1250706-7,1250699-4, 1250700-0, 1250702-6, 1250720-8, 1200394-3, 1200390-1,1250717-4 and 1250718-2 may be carried out with the drive systemconfiguration according to the present invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A drive system for a vehicle, wherein thedrive system comprises: an output shaft in a combustion engine; an inputshaft of a gearbox; an electrical machine comprising a stator and arotor; a planetary gear comprising three components in the form of a sunwheel, a ring gear and a planetary wheel carrier, wherein the outputshaft of the combustion engine is connected with a first of saidcomponents in the planetary gear, so that a rotation of such shaft leadsto a rotation of such first of said components, wherein the input shaftof the gearbox is connected with a second of said components of theplanetary gear, so that a rotation of such shaft leads to a rotation ofsuch second of said components, and wherein the rotor of the electricalmachine is connected with a third of said components in the planetarygear, so that a rotation of the rotor leads to a rotation of such thirdof said components; a first locking means, which may be moved between alocked position in which two of said components are locked together sothat the three components rotate with the same rotational speed, and arelease position in which the components are allowed to rotate atdifferent rotational speeds; a second locking means, which may be movedbetween a locked position in which the combustion engine's output shaftis locked to said first of said components, and a release position, inwhich the output shaft of the combustion engine is disconnected fromsaid first of said components, and is allowed to rotate independently;and at least one control device, adapted to control fuel supply to thecombustion engine and to control exchange of electrical energy betweenthe electrical machine and storage means for electric energy, whereinthe control device is adapted to control said first and second lockingmeans to be moved between said locked position and release position and,in order to lock, to control the combustion engine and/or the electricalmachine to achieve the same rotational speed in the parts to be lockedtogether by the respective first and second locking means, and,subsequently, to control the locking means to be moved to a lockedposition and, in order to release, to control the combustion engineand/or the first electrical machine to achieve a torque balance betweenthe parts to be released from each other, and, subsequently, to controlthe first and second locking means to be moved to a release position,and wherein the control device is adapted to control, when the vehicleis driven with the combustion engine running, and with the secondlocking means in a locked position at braking of the vehicle: theelectrical machine to apply a braking torque to the input shaft of thegearbox throughout the braking of the vehicle; the combustion engine andthe electrical machine to a synchronous rotational speed of the inputshaft of the gearbox, the electrical machine's rotor (9 b) and thecombustion engine's output shaft if the first locking means is in arelease position, and to move the first locking means to a lockedposition; the combustion engine towards a zero torque between thecombustion engine's output shaft and said first of said components, whena certain value of a vehicle speed is not met; the second locking meansto be moved to the release position; and the combustion engine towardsand to idling speed.
 2. The drive system according to claim 1, whereinsaid second locking means is adapted to, in said release position,separate a first part, arranged nearest the combustion engine, of theoutput shaft of the combustion engine from a second part thereof,connected with said first of said components of the planetary gear. 3.The drive system according to claim 1, wherein the output shaft of thecombustion engine, the rotor of the electrical machine, and the inputshaft of the gearbox are rotatably arranged around a common rotationaxis.
 4. The drive system according to claim 1, wherein the planetarygear's sun wheel is said first of said components and the ring gear issaid third of said components.
 5. The drive system according to claim 1,wherein the control device is adapted, when the vehicle decelerates tostop, and further in connection with control of the combustion enginetowards idling speed, to control the ramping down of the braking torquefrom the electrical machine towards zero in connection with the vehiclestopping.
 6. The drive system according to claim 1, wherein the controldevice is adapted to control, in order to start driving the vehicle,when the vehicle is at a standstill with the combustion engine turnedoff: the second locking means to be moved to the release position if thesecond locking means is in a locked position; the first locking means tobe moved to the locked position if the first locking means is in arelease position; and the electrical machine to deliver a torquethereof, so that the requested torque is transmitted to the input shaftof the gearbox.
 7. A vehicle comprising a drive system wherein the drivesystem comprises: an output shaft in a combustion engine; an input shaftof a gearbox; an electrical machine comprising a stator and a rotor; aplanetary gear comprising three components in the form of a sun wheel, aring gear and a planetary wheel carrier, wherein the output shaft of thecombustion engine is connected with a first of said components in theplanetary gear, so that a rotation of such shaft leads to a rotation ofsuch first of said components, wherein the input shaft of the gearbox isconnected with a second of said components of the planetary gear, sothat a rotation of such shaft leads to a rotation of such second of saidcomponents, and wherein the rotor of the electrical machine is connectedwith a third of said components in the planetary gear, so that arotation of the rotor leads to a rotation of such third of saidcomponents; a first locking means, which may be moved between a lockedposition in which two of said components are locked together so that thethree components rotate with the same rotational speed, and a releaseposition in which the components are allowed to rotate at differentrotational speeds; a second locking means, which may be moved between alocked position in which the combustion engine's output shaft is lockedto said first of said components, and a release position, in which theoutput shaft of the combustion engine is disconnected from said first ofsaid components, and is allowed to rotate independently; and at leastone control device, adapted to control fuel supply to the combustionengine and to control exchange of electrical energy between theelectrical machine and storage means for electric energy, wherein thecontrol device is adapted to control said first and second locking meansto be moved between said locked position and release position and, inorder to lock, to control the combustion engine and/or the electricalmachine to achieve the same rotational speed in the parts to be lockedtogether by the respective first and second locking means, and,subsequently, to control the locking means to be moved to a lockedposition and, in order to release, to control the combustion engineand/or the first electrical machine to achieve a torque balance betweenthe parts to be released from each other, and, subsequently, to controlthe first and second locking means to be moved to a release position,and wherein the control device is adapted to control, when the vehicleis driven with the combustion engine running, and with the secondlocking means in a locked position at braking of the vehicle: theelectrical machine to apply a braking torque to the input shaft of thegearbox throughout the braking of the vehicle; the combustion engine andthe electrical machine to a synchronous rotational speed of the inputshaft of the gearbox, the electrical machine's rotor (9 b) and thecombustion engine's output shaft if the first locking means is in arelease position, and to move the first locking means to a lockedposition; the combustion engine towards a zero torque between thecombustion engine's output shaft and said first of said components, whena certain value of a vehicle speed is not met; the second locking meansto be moved to the release position; and the combustion engine towardsand to idling speed.